Contents Acknowledgments Preface: Kalman Goldstein Introduction: Brad K. Berner CHAPTER 1 THE BACKGROUND TO WAR (1895-1898) Cuba 1. The Manifesto of Montecristi (March 25, 1895) 2. James Creelman - An Atrocity Story (New York World, May 17, 1896) 3. General Valeriano Weyler's Order of Reconcentration (October 21, 1896) 4. Richard Harding Davis "The Death of Rodriguez" (New York Journal, February 2, 1897) 5. The Olivette Incident (January-February 1897) 6. Generals Maximo Gomez and Calixto Garcia God, Country, and Liberty (September 20, 1897) 7. The Rescue of Evangelina Cisneros (October 10, 1897) Philippines 8. Andres Bonifacio The Duties of the Sons of the People (1896) 9. Emilio Aguinaldo Manifesto to the Philippine People (October 31, 1896) 10. Governor General Camilo Polavieja's Proclamation (December 23, 1896) 11. The Pact of Biak-na-Bato (December 1897) 12. Emilio Aguinaldo on Early U.S./Filipino Relations (September 23, 1899) 13. U.S. Consul E. Spencer Pratt's Letter (April 28, 1898) Puerto Rico 14. The Club Boriquen Calls for Independence (Puerto Rico [New York], March 14, 1895) 15. Luis Munoz Rivera Supports Autonomy (April 14, 1897) Spain 16. Francesco Pi y Margall, Federalist Leader, Calls for Cuban Independence (El Nuevo Regimen, March 14, 1896) 17. Vicente Blasco Ibanez Opposes Spain's Cuban Policy (El Pueblo, September 28, December 31, 1896) 18. Spanish Liberal Party Manifesto to the Nation (June 24, 1897) 19. Carlists Demand Government Stand Up against the Yankees (El Correo Espanol, January 27, 1898) 20. Admiral Pascual Cervera Forecasts Spain's Defeat in the Coming War (January 30, 1898) 21. "Spain Does Not Scare" (El Imparcial, March 15, 1898) 22. Admiral Jose Beranger Predicts Spain's Victory (Heraldo, April 6, 1898) 23. Jose Martinez Ruiz 'Azorin' Satirizes Spain's Policy (Madrid Comico, April 10, 1898) United States 24. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Supports U.S. Intervention in Cuba (February 20, 1896) 25. Frederick Funston - Filibustering in Cuba 26. Joseph Pulitzer Demands U.S. Intervention in Cuba (February 13, 1897) 27. Speaker of the House Thomas B. Reed "Empire Can Wait" (December 4, 1897) CHAPTER 2 FAILED DIPLOMACY (1896-1898) A Diplomatic Incident (February 9, 1898) 28. The De Lome Letter (February 9, 1898) The Maine (February 15, 1898) 29. Captain Charles Sigsbee's Cable on the Maine Explosion (February 15, 1898) 30. John D. Long, U.S. Secretary of the Navy, on the Maine Explosion (February 16, 1898) 31. The U.S. Court of Inquiry's Report on the Maine Explosion (March 21, 1898) 32. Spain's Report on the Maine Explosion (March 22, 1898) 33. The New York World on the Maine Explosion (February 17, 1898) 34. Albert Shaw Supports Intervention in Cuba (American Monthly Review of Reviews, April 1898) 35. El Pais, a Madrid Newspaper, Criticizes Bacon-Eating Yankee 'Pigs' (March 1, 1898) 36. Walter Wellman, Chicago Times-Herald Reporter, on U.S. Media Lies (February 19, 1898) 37. E. L. Godkin, Editor of The Nation, on Yellow Journalism (March 3, 1898) The Rush to War 38. Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt's Order to Commodore George Dewey (February 25, 1898) 39. John D. Long, Secretary of the Navy, on Theodore Roosevelt's Order to Commodore Dewey (February 26, 1898) 40. Senator Redfield Proctor's Speech (March 17, 1898) 41. President William McKinley's Ultimatum to Spain (March 26-28, 1898) 42. Spain's Council of Ministers Replies to President William McKinley's Ultimatum (March 31, 1898) 43. The Great Powers Note (April 6, 1898) 44. President William McKinley's War Message to Congress (April 11, 1898) 45. U.S. Congressional Joint Resolution for the Recognition of the Independence of Cuba and Authorizing the Use of U.S. Armed Forces (April 19, 1898) 46. Spain Declares War (April 23, 1898) 47. The United States Declares War (April 25, 1898) CHAPTER 3 THE WAR AT HOME Homefront - Spain Divided Viewpoints 48. La Correspondencia Militar, a Military Newspaper in Madrid, Calls for War (April 20, 1898) 49. Council of Commanders Meeting of Admiral Pascual Cervera's Fleet (April 20, 1898) 50. The Opinion of Captain Victor Concas (April 20, 1898) 51. The Generals Send Admiral Pascual Cervera's Fleet (April 24, 1898) 52. The Catholic Archbishop of Madrid Supports the War Effort (April 23, 1898) Reactions to Military Defeats 53. The Riot of Gijon (May 3-4, 1898) 54. Proclamation of a State of War in Barcelona (May 10, 1898) 55. El Noticiero Universal, a Barcelona Newspaper, Comments on Spain's Governmental Crisis (May 15, 1898) 56. El Correo Espanol, a Carlist Madrid Newspaper, Claims Spain's Soldiers Are Superior (June 4, 1898) 57. Spain's Socialist Workers Party Calls for Solidarity between Spanish and American Workers in Opposing the War (June 10, 1898) 58. Admiral Manuel de la Camara and His Fleet Are Ordered to the Philippines (June 15, 1898) 59. El Liberal, a Madrid Newspaper, Criticizes the Government (July 4, 1898) 60. Spain's Socialist Workers Party Demands Peace (July 9, 1898) 61. Francisco Fernandez Villegas "Zeda" Satirizes the Spanish Public's Attitude (July 9, 1898) 62. El Fomento de Trabajo Nacional Analyzes the Roots of Spain's Defeat (August 5, 1898) Homefront - United States Mobilizing Society for War 63. Henry Watterson "The Right of Our Might" (April 20, 1898) 64. Charles Dawes, Comptroller of the Currency, Diary (April 22, 1898) 65. President William McKinley's Call for Volunteers (April 23, 1898) 66. Lieutenant Colonel Grant Squires "Experiences of a War Censor" (Atlantic Monthly, March 1899) 67. Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt "Raising the Regiment" (The Rough Riders, 1899) 68. H. C. Thompson, 2nd Oregon Infantry, Mobilizing for the Philippines 69. Carl Sandburg, 6th Illinois Infantry, Goes to War 70. Major General Nelson Miles Reports from Tampa, Florida (June 4, 1898) 71. Richard Harding Davis "The Rocking-Chair Period of the War" 72. Initiation on the USS Oregon 73. "The Cowboy's Lament," a Poem by One of Those Who Stayed at Home 74. Dr. John Claiborne at Camp Thomas The Debate at Home 75. Professor Charles Norton of Harvard Protests the War (June 23, 1898) 76. Walter H. Page, Editor of the Atlantic Monthly, on the War's Effects (June 1898) 77. William James, Psychologist and Brother of Henry James, Opposes the War (June 15, 1898) 78. The Churches and the War (May 1898) African-Americans 79. An African-American Supports the War in a Letter from Los Angeles (April 23, 1898) 80. George W. Prioleau, Chaplain of the 9th U.S. Cavalry, on Racism (May 13, 1898) 81. Theophilus G. Steward, Chaplain of the 25th U.S. Infantry, Says the War Will Help the Black Man (May 28, 1898) 82. A Letter from Tampa, Florida, on Prejudice against African-American Soldiers (June 4, 1898) 83. R. B. Montgomery, Editor of the Wisconsin Weekly Advocate, on Pragmatic Reasons to Fight (July 9, 1898) 84. Edward E. Cooper, Editor of the Colored American, Says Blacks Will Benefit (July 23, 1898) 85. The 3rd North Carolina Infantry - Disgruntled at Not Having the Opportunity to Fight (October 5, 1898) 86. Booker T. Washington Extols the Bravery of African-American Soldiers in the War (October 16, 1898) 87. The Mutiny of the 6th Virginia Infantry 88. "The Black Troops in Cuba," a Poem by Paul Lawrence Dunbar 89. "Santiago de Wilmington," a Poem by F. B. Coffin (January 7, 1899) 90. "The Black Man's Burden," a Poem by H. T. Johnson (April 1899) CHAPTER 4 THE WAR IN CUBA Blockades and Espionage 91. The Correspondence between Governor General Ramon Blanco and General Maximo Gomez 92. Stephen Crane on the Blockade of Cuba (New York World, May 9, 1898) 93. The Law of War Prizes 94. Lieutenant Andrew Rowan Takes a Message to Garcia (April 23-May 11,1898) 95. Lieutenant Richmond Pearson Hobson and the Merrimac (June 3, 1898) The Santiago Campaign Landing in Cuba 96. Stephen Crane on the Marines at Guantanamo (February 1899) 97. Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt Steals a Train and a Ship 98. Richard Harding Davis - The Aserraderos Conference (June 20, 1898) 99. Sergeant Horace W. Bivins, 10th U.S. Cavalry, Writes from Santiago, Cuba (June 21, 1898) 100. Charles Post, Private in 71st New York Infantry, on Landing in Cuba (June 22-26, 1898) The Battle of Las Guasimas (June 24, 1898) 101. Report by Colonel Leonard Wood, Commander of the Rough Riders 102. Account by Lieutenant Jose Muller y Tejeiro The Battle of El Caney (July 1, 1898) 103. Eyewitness Account by Photographer John C. Hemment 104. Eyewitness Account by First Sergeant M. W. Saddler, 25th U.S. Infantry 105. Account by Lieutenant Jose Muller y Tejeiro The Battles of the San Juan Heights (July 1, 1898) 106. Account by Lieutenant Jose Muller y Tejeiro 107. The Death of Bucky O'Neill, Captain in the Rough Riders 108. The 71st New York Infantry's Cowardice 109. Richard Harding Davis - The Myth of San Juan Hill 110. Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt - The Battle of Kettle Hill 111. Sergeant E. L. Baker, 10th U.S. Cavalry, Diary 112. John R. Conn, Corporal 24th U.S. Infantry - The Assault on San Juan Hill 113. George Kennan on the Wounded 114. Colonel Federico Escario's Column by Lieutenant Jose Muller y Tejeiro The Naval Battle of Santiago (July 3, 1898) 115. Romero Robledo, Conservative Member of Spain's Cortes, Demands Admiral Pascual Cervera's Squadron Be Sent into Action (June 23, 1898) 116. Eyewitness Account by Captain Victor Concas, Commanding the Spanish Flagship Infanta Maria Teresa 117. Eyewitness Account by Captain Henry C. Taylor, Commanding the Battleship Indiana 118. Eyewitness Account by Miguel Lopez, Pilot of the Spanish Flagship Infanta Maria Teresa 119. Schley's Loop by Captain John C. Philip, Commanding the Battleship Texas 120. The Destruction of Captain Fernando Villaamil's Torpedo Boat Flotilla 121. Eyewitness Account by Captain Jose Paredes, Commanding the Cristobal Colon 122. The Rescue of Admiral Pascual Cervera by Lieutenant Harry P. Huse on the Gloucester 123. Admiral William T. Sampson's Cable Disease and Capitulation 124. Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt Criticizes Major General William Shafter (July 5, 1898) 125. Frederick Ramsden, British Consul at Santiago, Cuba, on the Refugees at El Caney (Diary, July 5 - 8, 1898) 126. Private Charles Post, 71st New York Infantry, on Disease at Santiago, Cuba 127. Lieutenant General Arsenio Linares, Commanding Spanish Forces at Santiago, Cuba, Concludes Surrender Is Inevitable (July 12, 1898) 128. The Santiago Capitulation Agreement (July 16, 1898) 129. Cuban Insurgent General Calixto Garcia's Letter of Protest (July 17, 1898) 130. The Round Robin Letter Demands U.S. Troops Be Taken Out of Cuba (August 3, 1898) CHAPTER 5 THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES The Philippines 131. Governor General Basilio Augustin's Manifesto (April 23, 1898) 132. Apolinario Mabini's Open Letter to All Filipinos (April 1898) 133. The Hong Kong Junta's Proclamation (April 1898) The Naval Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898) 134. Report by Admiral Patricio Montojo at Subig Bay (April 25-29, 1898) 135. Admiral Patricio Montojo's Battle Report 136. Commodore George Dewey's Cable to the McKinley Administration (May 1, 1898) 137. Manila Archbishop Nozaleda's Circular on the Battle of Manila Bay (May 8, 1898) Dewey and the Germans at Manila 138. Admiral George Dewey's Cable to John Long, Secretary of the Navy (June 12, 1898) 139. Admiral George Dewey Threatens War with Germany (July 10, 1898) 140. Prince Bernhard von Bulow, German Foreign Minister, on U.S.-German Relations in the Philippines U.S./Filipino Relations 141. Major General Wesley Merritt's Instructions from the McKinley Administration (May 19, 1898) 142. Filipino Insurgent Representative Jose Alejandrino's Letter (May 19, 1898) 143. Emilio Aguinaldo's Decrees (May 24, 1898) 144. Secretary of the Navy John Long's Cable to Admiral George Dewey (May 26, 1898) 145. Secretary of State William Day Cables E. Spencer Pratt, U.S. Consul in Singapore (June 18, 1898) 146. Emilio Aguinaldo's Proclamation (August 6, 1898) The Arranged Battle and Capitulation of Manila (August 13-14, 1898) 147. Brigadier General Thomas Anderson on the Negotiated Battle of Manila 148. Frank Millett - The Battle of Manila Begins (August. 13, 1898) 149. Eyewitness Account by Lieutenant Charles H. Hilton, 1st Colorado Infantry 150. The Articles of the Capitulation of Manila (August 14, 1898) 151. Major General Wesley Merritt's Proclamation (August 14, 1898) CHAPTER 6 THE WAR IN PUERTO RICO Before the Invasion 152. Governor General Manuel Macias Declares a State of War (April 22, 1898) 153. The Puerto Rican Insular Government's Proclamation (April 22, 1898) The Bombardment of San Juan (May 12, 1898) 154. Admiral William Sampson's Report (May 12, 1898) 155. Governor General Manuel Macias' Version (May 27, 1898) Viewpoints 156. Amos K. Fiske Supports Taking Puerto Rico (New York Times, July 11, 1898) 157. Eugenio Hostos, Puerto Rican Educator, Prefers Independence (July 22, 1898) 158. Antonio Mattei Lluveras Supports a U.S. Invasion (July 25, 1898) 159. Ramon Betances Warns of U.S. Intention to Colonize Puerto Rico (July 1898) The Invasion 160. Captain Angel Rivero Mendez, Diary (July 27-August 14, 1898) 161. Colonel Juan Camo's General Order (July 26, 1898) 162. Associated Press Release on Conquest of Guanica, Puerto Rico (July 25, 1898) 163. Major General Nelson Miles' Proclamation (July 28, 1898) 164. Lieutenant Rafael Colorado's Account of the Situation near Yauco (July 25-26, 1898) 165. Richard Harding Davis Recounts How Stephan Crane Took a Town (August 3, 1898) 166. Captain Harry Hall, 16th Pennsylvania Infantry, Recounts the Death of Commander Rafael Illescas at the Battle of Coamo (August 9, 1898) 167. Carl Sandburg Recounts His Experience at War CHAPTER 7 NEGOTIATING THE PEACE (JULY 18 - DECEMBER 10, 1898) 168. The Armistice Protocol (August 12, 1898) 169. Whitelaw Reid, U.S. Peace Commissioner, Diary (September 16, 1898) 170. President William McKinley's Instructions to the U.S. Peace Commission (September 16, 1898) 171. The Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898) 172. The Spanish Delegation's Memorandum (December 10, 1898) CHAPTER 8 POST-WAR DEVELOPMENTS Cuba 173. Pedro Lopez de Castillo's Letter (August 21, 1898) 174. Captain W. B. Roberts, 23rd Kansas Infantry, on Thwarting the Color Line in Cuba (October 3, 1898) 175. The Platt Amendment (March 2, 1901) Philippines 176. McKinley Administration Orders No Joint Occupation of Manila with Emilio Aguinaldo's Forces (August 21, 1898) 177. The Malolos Constitution (September 1898 - January 1899) 178. President William McKinley's "Benevolent Assimilation" Proclamation (December 21, 1898) 179. Major General Elwell Otis's First Proclamation as Military Governor of the Philippines (January 4, 1899) 180. Emilio Aguinaldo Denies U.S. Sovereignty over the Philippines (January 5, 1899) 181. Emilio Aguinaldo Declares an End to Friendly Relations with the Army of the U.S. (January 8, 1899) 182. Memorandum by Felipe Agoncillo, Representative of the Filipino Nationalist Forces, to the U.S. Senate (January 30, 1899) 183. First Shots of the Filipino-American War (February 4, 1899) 184. President Emilio Aguinaldo's Manifesto to the Filipino People (February 5, 1899) Puerto Rico 185. Captain Angel Rivero Mendez, Diary (August 15 - October 23, 1898) 186. President William McKinley's Instructions to the Commissioners for Puerto Rico (August 26, 1898) 187. James Miller's Report "No distinction in color" in Puerto Rico (September 10, 1898) 188. Jose Julio Henna Telegrams President William McKinley (October 18, 1898) 189. A Satire in La Bruja, a Mayaguez, Puerto Rico Newspaper (November 26, 1898) 190. Henry Carroll's Report on the Island of Porto Rico (1899) Spain 191. Conservative Leader Francisco Silvela Calls for Reforms (August 16, 1898) 192. Pablo Iglesias Defends the Socialist Workers Party's Anti-War Policy (August 17, 1898) 193. Conservative Senator El Conde de Las Almenas Attacks the Army (September 7, 1898) 194. Eugenio Montero Rios, President of Spain's Peace Commission, Comments on Spain's Defeat (September 20, 1898) 195. Prime Minister Praxedes Mateo Sagasta Defends His Government (February 22, 1899) 196. The Court-Martial Verdict of General Jose Toral (August 9, 1899) 197. The Court-Martial of Admiral Patricio Montojo (October 10, 1899) United States 198. Carl Sandburg on Going Home 199. Senator Albert Beveridge Extols American Expansion (September 16, 1898) 200. Charles Denby, Former U.S. Minister to China, Supports Keeping the Philippines (November 1898) 201. Former President Grover Cleveland Opposes U.S. Imperialism (November 9, 1898) 202. Report of the Commission Investigating the War Department (1899) 203. The "Embalmed Beef" Controversy (December 21, 1898) 204. Carl Schurz Opposes U.S. Imperialism (January 4, 1899) 205. Republican Senator George Hoar Opposes the Treaty of Paris (January 9, 1899) 206. Edward Cooper, Editor of the Colored American Newspaper, on the Philippines (February 11, 1899) 207. Platform of the Anti-Imperialist League (October 18, 1898) 208. The Schley Court of Inquiry (September 1901) 209. The U.S. Supreme Court Case - Downes v. Bidwell (1901) Bibliography About the Editor