This study demonstrates the centrality of economic rationales to debates on Jews' status in Italy, Britain, France and Germany during the course of two centuries. It delineates the common themes that informed these debates - the ideal republic and the 'ancient constitution', the conflict between virtue and commerce, and the notion of useful and productive labor. It thus provides the first overview of the political-economic dimensions of Jewish emancipation literature of this period. This overview is viewed against the backdrop of broader controversies within European society over the effects of commerce on inherited political values and institutions. By focusing on economic attitudes toward Jews, the book also illuminates European intellectual approaches towards economic modernity. By elucidating these general debates, it renders contemporary Jewish economic self-conceptions - and the enormous impetus that Jewish reformist movements placed on the Jews' economic and occupational transformation - fully explicable for the first time.
ntroduction 1
1 This Newfangled Age 12
2 From Ancient Constitution to Mosaic Republic 43
3 A New System of Civil and Commercial Government 67
4 The Natural Relation of Things 94
5 A State within a State 135
6 The Israelites and the Aristocracy 170
7 Jews, Commerce, and History 201
8 Capitalism and the Jews 235
Afterword: Industrialization and Beyond 264
Notes 271
Bibliography 337
Index