"The New Brazil" tells the story of that nation's evolution from a remote Portuguese colony into a regional leader, a respected spokesman for the developing world, and an increasingly important partner for the United States and the European Union. For much of the twentieth century, Brazil seemed mired in perpetual economic crisis. Today prudent fiscal and monetary policies have yielded high levels of foreign direct investment and an investment-grade rating for its debt. Brazil is also emerging as an energy powerhouse, and policymakers are increasingly confronting the challenge of reducing poverty among tens of millions of people. In this engaging book, Riordan Roett traces the long road Brazil has traveled to reach its present status and discusses the many challenges it has overcome and those that lie ahead. Roett, a veteran scholar and writer on Brazil, discusses the country's development as a colony, empire, and finally a republic; the making of modern Brazil, beginning with the rise to power of Getulio Vargas in 1930; the advent of military government in 1964; the return to civilian rule two decades later; and the pivotal presidencies of Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Luis Inacio Lula da Silva. As Brazil prepares to elect a new president in October 2010, much remains to be done to consolidate and expand the country's global role. Nonetheless, as an important player on the world stage, Brazil is here to stay.
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction: The New Brazil 1
Obstacles along the Road 5
The BRICs Consolidate 9
The Financial Crisis 11
The BRIC Summit 13
The BRICs in Context 14
2 The Historical Background: Colony, Empire, and Republic 19
Brazil's Colonial Experience 20
The Imperial Experiment 25
The Old Republic 31
3 The Making of Modern Brazil, 1930-64 37
The Arrival of Getulio Vargas 37
Turmoil Abroad and at Home 40
Estado Novo: The New State 41
The 1946 Republic 44
4 The 1964 Revolution: From Bureaucratic Authoritarianism to Abertura 55
Institutional Changes Following the 1964 Revolution 56
New Economic Policies 57
Breakthrough for the Hard-Liners 58
The Second Phase of the 1964 Revolution: Protest and Violence 60
The Medici Years 63
The Transition Begins 64
Return to Civilian Government 71
5 The Incomplete Transition, 1985-94 73
Foreign Debt and Inflation 76
Fernando Collor de Mello: Hope and Disillusion 83
Itamar Franco and the Origins of the Real Plan 86
6 The Cardoso Era, 1995-2002 91
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