Chronicling the rise and fall of the efficient market theory and the century-long making of the modern financial industry, Justin Fox's "The Myth of the Rational Market" is as much an intellectual whodunit as a cultural history of the perils and possibilities of risk. The book brings to life the people and ideas that forged modern finance and investing, from the formative days of Wall Street through the Great Depression and into the financial calamity of today. It's a tale that features professors who made and lost fortunes, battled fiercely over ideas, beat the house in blackjack, wrote bestselling books, and played major roles on the world stage. It's also a tale of Wall Street's evolution, the power of the market to generate wealth and wreak havoc, and free market capitalism's war with itself. The efficient market hypothesis - long part of academic folklore but codified in the 1960s at the University of Chicago - has evolved into a powerful myth. It has been the maker and loser of fortunes, the driver of trillions of dollars, the inspiration for index funds and vast new derivatives markets, and the guidepost for thousands of careers. The theory holds that the market is always right, and that the decisions of millions of rational investors, all acting on information to outsmart one another, always provide the best judge of a stock's value. That myth is crumbling.
Celebrated journalist and columnist Fox introduces a new wave of economists and scholars who no longer teach that investors are rational or that the markets are always right. Many of them now agree with Yale professor Robert Shiller that the efficient markets theory "represents one of the most remarkable errors in the history of economic thought." Today the theory has given way to counterintuitive hypotheses about human behavior, psychological models of decision making, and the irrationality of the markets. Investors overreact, underreact, and make irrational decisions based on imperfect data. In his landmark treatment of the history of the world's markets, Fox uncovers the new ideas that may come to drive the market in the century ahead.
Introduction: It Had Been Working So Exceptionally Well
EARLY DAYS
1. Irving Fisher Loses His Briefcase, and Then His Fortune
The first serious try to impose reason and science upon the market comes in the early decades of the twentieth century. It doesn't work out so well.
2. A Random Walk from Fred Macaulay to Holbrook Working
Statistics and mathematics begin to find their way into the economic mainstream in the 1930s, setting the stage for big changes to come.
THE RISE OF THE RATIONAL MARKET
3. Harry Markowitz Brings Statistical Man to the Stock Market
The modern quantitative approach to investing is assembled out of equal parts poker strategy and World War II gunnery experience.
4. A Random Walk from Paul Samuelson to Paul Samuelson
The proposition that stock movements are mostly unpredictable goes from intellectual curiosity to centerpiece of an academic movement.
5. Modigliani and Miller Arrive at a Simplifying Assumption
Finance, the business school version of economics, is transformed from a field of empirical research and rules of thumb to one ruled by theory.
6. Gene Fama Makes the Best Proposition in Economics
At the University of Chicago's Business School in the 1960s, the argument that the market is hard to outsmart grows into a conviction that it is perfect.
THE CONQUEST OF WALL STREET
7. Jack Bogle Takes on the Performance Cult (and Wins)
The lesson that maybe it's not even worth trying to beat the market makes its circuitous way into the investment business.
8. Fischer Black Chooses to Focus on the Probable
Finance scholars figure out some ways to measure and control risk. More important, they figure out how to get paid for doing so.
9. Michael Jensen Gets Corporations to Obey the Market
The efficient market meets corporate America. Hostile takeovers and lots of talk about shareholder value ensue.
THE CHALLENGE
10. Dick Thaler Gives Economic Man a Personality
Human nature begins to find its way back into economics in the 1970s, and economists begin to study how markets sometimes fail.
11. Bob Shiller Points Out the Most Remarkable Error
Some troublemaking young economists demonstrate that convincing evidence for financial market rationality is sadly lacking.
12. Beating the Market with Warren Buffett and Ed Thorp
Just because professional investors as a group can't reliably outperform the market doesn't mean that some professional investors can't.
13. Alan Greenspan Stops a Random Plunge Down Wall Street
The crash of 1987 exposes big flaws in the rational finance view of risk. But a rescue by the Federal Reserve averts a full reexamination.
THE FALL
14. Andrei Shleifer Moves Beyond Rabbi Economics
The efficient market's critics triumph by showing why irrational market forces can sometimes be just as pervasive as the rational ones.
15. Mike Jensen Changes His Mind about the Corporation
The argument that financial markets should always set the priorities - for corporations and for society - loses its most important champion.
16. Gene Fama and Dick Thaler Knock Each Other Out
Where has the debate over market rationality ended up? In something more than a draw and less than a resounding victory.
Epilogue: The Anatomy of a Financial Crisis
Cast of Characters
Acknowledgments
A Note on Sources
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
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