Climate change, environmental impact and declining natural resources are driving scientific research and novel technical solutions. Green Energy and Technology serves as a publishing platform for scientific and technological approaches to "green" - i.e., environmentally friendly and sustainable - technologies. While the main focus lies on energy and power supply, the series also covers green solutions in industrial engineering and engineering design. Green Energy and Technology is a monograph series addressing researchers, advanced students and technical consultants, as well as decision makers in industry and politics. The level presentation ranges from instructional to highly technical.
Fossil fuels are widely used for electricity generation and heating, creating greenhouse gas emissions and other toxic pollutants, which should be minimised according to the most recent environmental legislation. The utilisation of solid fuels with biogenic origin could contribute to the minimisation of these emissions. Solid Biofuels for Energy presents the current status of the engineering disciplines in this specific area, providing an improved background on the energy exploitation options of solid biomass. Within this framework, all thematic priorities related to the solid bioenergy potential and standardisation, commercialised and emerging energy technologies, and quality of solid residues are presented.
Special attention has been given to biomass co-firing with coal, since it has the highest potential for commercial application, while combustion and gasification are more promising for units of medium to small scale. This strong practical focus is evident throughout the book, particularly in discussions of:
international standards for solid biofuel specifications;
supply, cost and sustainability of solid biofuels;
technical issues and non-technical barriers in biomass/coal co-firing; and
biomass combustion and gasification characteristics.
1 Supply of Solid Biofuels: Potential Feedstocks, Cost and Sustainability Issues in EU27 by Calliope Panoutsou 1
1.1 Biomass Feedstocks 2
1.2 Productivity and Availability Constraints 7
1.2.1 Land Use 7
1.2.2 "Good Use" of Both the Primary Resource and Residues 8
1.2.3 Climate Change 8
1.2.4 Agricultural Management and Lifestyle 9
1.3 Costs 9
1.4 Sustainability 12
1.5 Challenges/Recommendations 17
1.6 Conclusions 19
References 19
2 European Standards for Fuel Specification and Classes of Solid Biofuels by Eija Alakangas 21
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Classification of Biomass Sources 23
2.3 Fuel Specification and Classes-Multipart Standard 29
2.4 Examples of Fuel Specification 31
2.5 Summary 34
Appendix 1 Specification of Properties for Pellets (EN 14961-1) [14] 35
Appendix 2 Specification of Properties for Wood Chips (EN 14961-1) [14] 37
References 40
3 Biomass-Coal Cofiring: an Overview of Technical Issues by Larry Baxter 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Fuel Characteristics 47
3.3 Fuel Preparation and Transportation 49
3.4 Implementation
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