In the eyes of many, one of the most challenging problems of the information society is that we are faced with an ever expanding mass of information. Selection of the relevant bits of information seems to become more important than the retrieval of data as such: the information is all out there, but what it means and how we should act on it may be one of the big questions of the 21st century. If an information society is a society with an exponential proliferation of data, a knowledge society must be the one that has learned how to cope with this. Profiling technologies seem to be one of the most promising technological means to create order in the chaos of proliferating data. In this volume a multi-focal view will be developed to focus upon what profiling is, where it is applied and what may be the impact on democracy and rule of law. The book is the result of research conducted within the framework of the FIDIS (Future of Identity of Information Society) NoE (Network of Excellence).
General Introduction and Overview by Mireille Hildebrandt and Serge Gutwirth 1
Pt. I What is Profiling?
2 Defining Profiling: A New Type of Knowledge? by Mireille Hildebrandt 17
3 General Description of the Process of Behavioural Profiling by Ana Canhoto and James Backhouse 47
4 The Role of Algorithms in Profiling by Bernhard Anrig and Will Browne and Mark Gasson 65
5 Behavioural Biometric Profiling and Ambient Intelligence by Angelos Yannopoulos and Vassiliki Andronikou and Theodora Varvarigou 89
6 Personalisation and its Influence on Identities, Behaviour and Social Values by Simone van der Hof and Corien Prins 111
Pt. II Applications of Profiling
7 Biometric Profiling: Opportunities and Risks by Vassiliki Andronikou and Angelos Yannopoulos and Theodora Varvarigou 131
8 Profiling and Location-Based Services (LBS) by Lothar Fritsch 147
9 Collecting Data for the Profiling of Web Users by Emmanuel Benoist 169
10 User Profiling for Attention Support at School and Work by Thierry Nabeth 185
11 Profiling of Customers and Consumers - Customer Loyalty Programmes and Scoring Practices by Meike Kamp and Barbara Korffer and Martin Meints 201
12 Profiling in Employment Situations (Fraud) by Nils Leopold and Martin Meints 217
Pt. III Profiling, Democracy and Rule of Law
13 Cogitas, Ergo Sum. The Role of Data Protection Law and Non-discrimination Law in Group Profiling in the Private Sector by Wim Schreurs and Mireille Hildebrandt and Els Kindt and Michael Vanfleteren 241
14 Regulating Profiling in a Democratic Constitutional State by Serge Gutwirth and Paul De Hert 271
15 Profiling and the Identity of the European Citizen by Mireille Hildebrandt