Preface xiii 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Advantages of Nonparametric Methods 1 1.2. The Distribution-Free Property 2 1.3. Some Real-World Applications 3 1.4. Format and Organization 6 1.5. Computing with R 8 1.6. Historical Background 9 2. The Dichotomous Data Problem 11 Introduction 11 2.1. A Binomial Test 11 2.2. An Estimator for the Probability of Success 22 2.3. A Confidence Interval for the Probability of Success (Wilson) 24 2.4. Bayes Estimators for the Probability of Success 33 3. The One-Sample Location Problem 39 Introduction 39 Paired Replicates Analyses by Way of Signed Ranks 39 3.1. A Distribution-Free Signed Rank Test (Wilcoxon) 40 3.2. An Estimator Associated with Wilcoxon's Signed Rank Statistic (Hodges--Lehmann) 56 3.3. A Distribution-Free Confidence Interval Based on Wilcoxon's Signed Rank Test (Tukey) 59 Paired Replicates Analyses by Way of Signs 63 3.4. A Distribution-Free Sign Test (Fisher) 63 3.5. An Estimator Associated with the Sign Statistic (Hodges--Lehmann) 76 3.6. A Distribution-Free Confidence Interval Based on the Sign Test (Thompson, Savur) 80 One-Sample Data 84 3.7. Procedures Based on the Signed Rank Statistic 84 3.8. Procedures Based on the Sign Statistic 90 3.9. An Asymptotically Distribution-Free Test of Symmetry (Randles--Fligner--Policello--Wolfe, Davis--Quade) 94 Bivariate Data 102 3.10. A Distribution-Free Test for Bivariate Symmetry (Hollander) 102 3.11. Efficiencies of Paired Replicates and One-Sample Location Procedures 112 4. The Two-Sample Location Problem 115 Introduction 115 4.1. A Distribution-Free Rank Sum Test (Wilcoxon, Mann and Whitney) 115 4.2. An Estimator Associated with Wilcoxon's Rank Sum Statistic (Hodges--Lehmann) 136 4.3. A Distribution-Free Confidence Interval Based on Wilcoxon's Rank Sum Test (Moses) 142 4.4. A Robust Rank Test for the Behrens--Fisher Problem (Fligner--Policello) 145 4.5. Efficiencies of Two-Sample Location Procedures 149 5. The Two-Sample Dispersion Problem and Other Two-Sample Problems 151 Introduction 151 5.1. A Distribution-Free Rank Test for Dispersion--Medians Equal (Ansari--Bradley) 152 5.2. An Asymptotically Distribution-Free Test for Dispersion Based on the Jackknife--Medians Not Necessarily Equal (Miller) 169 5.3. A Distribution-Free Rank Test for Either Location or Dispersion (Lepage) 181 5.4. A Distribution-Free Test for General Differences in Two Populations (Kolmogorov--Smirnov) 190 5.5. Efficiencies of Two-Sample Dispersion and Broad Alternatives Procedures 200 6. The One-Way Layout 202 Introduction 202 6.1. A Distribution-Free Test for General Alternatives (Kruskal--Wallis) 204 6.2. A Distribution-Free Test for Ordered Alternatives (Jonckheere--Terpstra) 215 6.3. Distribution-Free Tests for Umbrella Alternatives (Mack--Wolfe) 225 6.3A. A Distribution-Free Test for Umbrella Alternatives, Peak Known (Mack--Wolfe) 226 6.3B. A Distribution-Free Test for Umbrella Alternatives, Peak Unknown (Mack--Wolfe) 241 6.4. A Distribution-Free Test for Treatments Versus a Control (Fligner--Wolfe) 249 Rationale For Multiple Comparison Procedures 255 6.5. Distribution-Free Two-Sided All-Treatments Multiple Comparisons Based on Pairwise Rankings--General Configuration (Dwass, Steel, and Critchlow--Fligner) 256 6.6. Distribution-Free One-Sided All-Treatments Multiple Comparisons Based on Pairwise Rankings-Ordered Treatment Effects (Hayter--Stone) 265 6.7. Distribution-Free One-Sided Treatments-Versus-Control Multiple Comparisons Based on Joint Rankings (Nemenyi, Damico--Wolfe) 271 6.8. Contrast Estimation Based on Hodges--Lehmann Two-Sample Estimators (Spjotvoll) 278 6.9. Simultaneous Confidence Intervals for All Simple Contrasts (Critchlow--Fligner) 282 6.10. Efficiencies of One-Way Layout Procedures 287 7. The Two-Way Layout 289 Introduction 289 7.1. A Distribution-Free Test for General Alternatives in a Randomized Complete Block Design (Friedman, Kendall-Babington Smith) 292 7.2. A Distribution