The decennial International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) that took place in Cairo in 1994 has been described as historic and revolutionary. It rejected top-down demographically driven population control programmes, emphasizing instead reproductive health and rights for women, and for men. This volume explores the ideas and institutions that framed the Cairo consensus and traces their trajectories sixteen years down the line. Why were Third World feminists profoundly critical of the Cairo consensus and process? How has the health of people around the world been affected by neo-liberal economic policies? The intervening years have also seen the global rise of anti-feminisms and fundamentalisms targeting women's bodies and rights. What have these meant for women's rights, including reproductive rights? The book presents detailed case studies ranging from India and China, to Egypt, Africa and Latin America, as well as overarching themed essays. With data, reasoned arguments and passion, all the chapters reveal the fault lines in thinking about population issues that do not challenge neo-Malthusian ideas. With the ongoing financial and climate crisis, such population ideas are once again coming onto centrestage, indicating the need for critical awareness. This book contains essays by leading scholars across the world, brought together in one place for the first time. From the politics of abortion and immigration to rising levels of fundamentalist violence and sex selective abortions, the volume explores a range of issues from several vantage points. It offers startling new insights into these issues by linking them to neo-liberal economic policies that have profoundly shaped health globally.
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1 Introduction: Population, Health, and Gender in Neo-liberal Times by Sarah Sexton 1
2 A Decade and More after Cairo: Women's Health in a Free Market Economy by Sumati Nair 31
3 Liberal Ends, Illiberal Means: National Security, "Environmental Conflict", and the Making of the Cairo Consensus by Betsy Hartmann 53
4 The Politics of Abortion: A Note by Marlene Fried 84
5 An Entangled Skein: Neo-Malthusianisms in Neo-liberal Times by Mohan Rao 103
6 Neo-liberal Development and Reproductive Health in India: The Making of the Personal and the Political by Rachel Simon-Kumar 127
7 A Decade after Cairo in Latin America: An Overview by Martha Rosenberg 156
8 Redefining and Medicalizing Population Policies: NGOs and Their Innovative Contributions to the Post-Cairo Agenda by Susanne Schultz 173
9 Structural Adjustment, Impotence, and Family Planning: Men's Voices in Egypt by Kamran Asdar Ali 215
10 What has Happened in Africa since Cairo? by Meredeth Turshen 245
11 Reproductive Health, Family Planning, and HIV/AIDS: Dangers of (Dis) Integration in Tanzania and Uganda by Lisa Ann Richey 265
12 China's Population Policies: Engendered Biopolitics, the One-child Norm, and Masculinization of Child Sex Ratios by Susan Greenhalgh 299
About the Editors and Contributors 338