Karl Popper and Friedrich von Hayek are remembered as two of the twentieth century's greatest proponents of open society. However, over the years, Hayek's ideas have tended to be favoured over Popper's in both academic and political discussions. This book aims to improve understanding of Popper's and Hayek's philosophies by explaining their differences, and whilst doing so, to encourage liberal political philosophers to take a better-informed and more sympathetic look at Popper's ideas about open society. Popper and Hayek differed in subtle but fundamental ways about rationality, economism, and democracy. They thus differed about whether and to what extent society is well served by deliberate attempts at social engineering and government intervention in the economy. They also differed about whether democracy is better served by institutions designed to elect the best leaders, or by institutions designed to protect us against the leaders we elect. And they differed, perhaps most importantly, about whether we should value freedom as a means to prosperity or an end-in-itself. This book argues that Hayek's views about rationality, economism, and democracy are fundamentally at odds with Popper's3/4 and perhaps even with open society itself-and that the unintended consequences of Hayek's views may actually pose a threat to Popper's vision of a liberal and free open society.
Introduction 1. Rationality a. Aspects of the Problem b. Scientism c. The Unity of Method d. Piecemeal Social Engineering e. Interventionism f. Anti-Rationalism and the Spontaneous Growth of the Undesigned g. Rationalizing the Irrational h. Rational Arguments Against Socialism i. Change 2. Economism a. The Poverty of Economism b. Freedom or Prosperity? c. Individual, Political, Inner, and Economic Freedom d. Hayek's Case for Individual Freedom e. Socratic Freedom and Coercion f. Freedom, Power, and 'True Coercion' g. The Paradoxes of Freedom h. Rights and Powers i. The Freedom of Private Property j. The Rule of Law k. Economism and Totalitarianism l. Essence and Ideology m. The Poverty of Economism Revisited n. Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity 3. Democracy a. Majority Rule b. Democracy and Liberalism c. Market Democracy d. Institutional Control e. Tyranny f. Government Under the Law g. Open Society and the Democratic State h. Open Society and the Strain of Civilization i. Hayek's Open Society j. The Rule of Hayekian Law k. The Paradox of Democracy l. The Tyranny of Liberalism m. Illiberal Democracy n. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity-and Security o. Trial By Jury p. Understanding Democracy and Open Society Conclusion
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