In modern economies, time series play a crucial role at all levels of activity. They are used by decision makers to plan for a better future, by governments to promote prosperity, by central banks to control inflation, by unions to bargain for higher wages, by hospital, school boards, manufacturers, builders, transportation companies, and by consumers in general. A common misconception is that time series data originate from the direct and straightforward compilations of survey data, censuses, and administrative records. On the contrary, before publication time series are subject to statistical adjustments intended to facilitate analysis, increase efficiency, reduce bias, replace missing values, correct errors, and satisfy cross-sectional additivity constraints. Some of the most common adjustments are benchmarking, interpolation, temporal distribution, calendarization, and reconciliation. This book discusses the statistical methods most often applied for such adjustments, ranging from ad hoc procedures to regression-based models. The latter are emphasized, because of their clarity, ease of application, and superior results. Each topic is illustrated with many real case examples. In order to facilitate understanding of their properties and limitations of the methods discussed, a real data example, the Canada Total Retail Trade Series, is followed throughout the book. This book brings together the scattered literature on these topics and presents them using a consistent notation and a unifying view. The book will promote better procedures by large producers of time series, e.g. statistical agencies and central banks. Furthermore, knowing what adjustments are made to the data and what technique is used and how they affect the trend, the business cycles and seasonality of the series, will enable users to perform better modeling, prediction, analysis and planning. This book will prove useful to graduate students and final year undergraduate students of time series and econometrics, as well as researchers and practitioners in government institutions and business.
Introduction.- The Components of Time Series.- The Cholette-Dagum Regression-Based Benchmarking Method--The Additive Model.- Covariance Matrices for Benchmarking and Reconciliation Methods.- The Cholette-Dagum Regression-Based Benchmarking Method.--Multiplicative Model.- The Denton Method and its Variants.- Interpolation, Temporal Distribution and Extrapolation.- Signal Extraction and Benchmarking.- Calendarization.- Unified Regression-Based Framework for Signal Extraction, Benchmarking and Interpolation.- Reconciliation and Balancing Systems of Time Series.- Reconciling One-Way Classified Systems of Time Series.- Reconciling the Marginal Totals of Two-Way Classified Systems of Series.- Reconciling Two-Way Classified Systems of Time Series.
